Statutory Interpretation
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Book Name: Statutory Interpretation
Author : D P Mittal
EDN.: 1st, June 2023
ISBN: 9789356033146
PAGES: 368
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Description
Book on ‘Statutory Interpretation‘ by D.P. Mittal, the authoritative guide to understanding and applying statutory law. Get a 27% discount for a limited period, along with free shipping. This 1st edition, published in June 2023, provides comprehensive coverage of the principles and techniques of statutory interpretation. With an ISBN of 9789356033146 and 368 pages, this book delves into topics such as the rule of precedents, constitutional validity, general principles of interpretation, contextual interpretation, the golden rule, the mischief rule, and more. Enhance your understanding of statutory interpretation with this valuable resource. Shop now and take advantage of the discount and free shipping offer!
Chapter | Topic | Page |
---|---|---|
1 | Law – Introduction | |
1.1 | Law – Meaning | 1 |
1.2 | Kinds of law | 2 |
1.3 | Supreme legislation | 2 |
1.4 | Subordinate legislation | 2 |
1.5 | Referential legislation | 2 |
1.6 | Judge-made law | 2 |
2 | Statutory Law – Supreme Legislation | |
2.1 | Supremacy of Parliament | 4 |
2.2 | Power of legislature subject to… | 4 |
2.3 | Taxation, a prerogative of legislature | 4 |
Subordinate Legislation | ||
2.4 | Subordinate legislation – Necessity | 5 |
2.4.1 | Valid delegation of legislative power… | 6 |
2.4.2 | Subordinate legislation – Guidelines | 6 |
2.4.3 | Subordinate legislation – Legislative… | 8 |
2.5 | Subordinate legislation – Extent and… | 11 |
2.6 | Subordinate legislation – Powers of… | 12 |
2.7 | Rules have effect as if enacted in… | 13 |
2.8 | Rules are mandatory | 13 |
2.9 | Rules interpretation | 14 |
Referential Legislation | ||
2.10 | Referential legislation – Convenient… | 15 |
2.11 | Referential legislation – Kinds of | 16 |
2.12 | Referential legislation – Effect of… | 18 |
Rag-Bag Legislation OR Composite… | ||
2.13 | Rag-Bag Legislation – Legislative… | 19 |
3 | Judge-Made Law Rule of Precedents | |
3.1 | Legislature – Delegation of… | 21 |
3.1.1 | Judges not only declare but also… | 22 |
3.1.2 | Supreme Court and High Courts’… | 24 |
3.2 | Interpretation is fundamental role… | 25 |
3.3 | Judicial Interpretation to Adapt… | 25 |
Precedents – MEANING AND SCOPE | ||
3.4 | Doctrine of Precedent | 27 |
3.4.1 | Ratio Decidendi | 28 |
3.4.2 | Obiter Dicta | 31 |
3.4.3 | Judicial Dicta | 32 |
RULES OF PRECEDENTS | ||
3.5 | Precedent provides a Guide as to… | 32 |
3.6 | Precedents binding – Reasons | 33 |
3.6.1 | Stare decisis- Long Standing precedents | 33 |
3.7 | Precedents – Guidelines | 34 |
EXCEPTIONS TO RULE OF PRECEDENT | ||
3.8 | Precedent – Decision given in… | 36 |
3.9 | Precedent – followed not mechanically | 39 |
3.10 | Every observation not to be followed | 40 |
3.11 | Precedent – Sub Silentio | 41 |
4 | Law – Constitutional Validity | |
4.1 | All laws flow from Constitution | 44 |
4.2 | Constitutionality of provisions -… | 45 |
4.2.1 | Constitution – Interpretation | 45 |
4.2.2 | Aspect doctrine | 49 |
4.3 | Reading down an enactment | 51 |
4.3.2 | Construction to maintain constitutionality | 52 |
4.3.3 | Constitutionality – Presumptions | 53 |
4.3.4 | Constitutionality – Judged from… | 54 |
4.4 | Constitutionality – Subordinate… | 55 |
CONSTITUTIONALITY – COMPETENCE OF… | ||
4.5 | Legislative competence to enact laws… | 56 |
4.6 | Power of legislation and list of… | 56 |
4.7 | Power of Parliament to enact laws… | 58 |
4.9 | Judicial review | 59 |
4.10 | Legislative competence – Pith and… | 59 |
4.11 | Colourable Legislation – Constitutionality | 61 |
4.12 | Competence of Parliament to impose… | 62 |
5 | Interpretation – General Principles | |
5.1 | Interpretation/Construction – Meaning | 63 |
5.2 | Statute not drafted with divine prescience | 63 |
5.3 | Statutory construction – an exercise… | 64 |
5.4 | Interpretation – General observations | 64 |
5.5 | Three rules for interpretation | 67 |
5.6 | Rules of construction not the rules… | 69 |
5.7 | Ascertainment of Legislative Intention… | 71 |
CONSTRUCTION – SCOPE AND EFFECT… | ||
5.8 | Rules of construction – Scope and… | 73 |
5.9 | Construction – Internal and external aids | 75 |
CONSTRUCTION – STATUTE READ AS… | ||
5.10 | ex visceribus actus – Within the… | 76 |
5.10.1 | Understanding of real meaning | 78 |
5.10.2 | Statute should be read as a whole… | 79 |
5.10.3 | Textual interpretation should match… | 80 |
5.10.4 | Statute must be read as a whole… | 81 |
5.11 | Summing up – Rules of interpretation… | 82 |
5.12 | Statutory text and intention of… | 84 |
6 | Interpretation of Words – Contextual | |
6.1 | Contextual interpretation of words | 86 |
6.2 | Meaning of words be derived from… | 87 |
6.3 | Shorn of context – Words are slippery… | 89 |
6.4 | Context – which it means | 90 |
6.5 | Same word in different enactment | 91 |
6.6 | Same words in different places… | 92 |
6.7 | Words in social welfare legislation | 93 |
6.8 | Words have not only meaning but… | 93 |
6.9 | No word has absolute meaning… | 94 |
6.10 | Words speak for themselves… | 96 |
6.11 | Meaning of sentence may be more… | 97 |
7 | Interpretation – Sententia legis | |
7.1 | Sententia legis – The intention… | 98 |
7.2 | Intention of the legislation a… | 99 |
7.3 | Actual and implied intention of… | 101 |
7.4 | Intention gathered from social… | 102 |
7.5 | Primary and secondary statutory… | 104 |
8 | Interpretation – Casus Omissus | |
8.1 | Casus omissus | 107 |
8.2 | Casus omissus supplied in case… | 108 |
8.3 | Judges to expound and not legislate… | 109 |
9 | Interpretation – Ongoing Act | |
9.1 | Interpretation of Ongoing Act | 111 |
9.2 | Law never reaches consistency as… | 115 |
9.3 | Law cannot remain immutable as… | 116 |
9.4 | Laws used as an instrument of… | 117 |
10 | Interpretation – Literal rule | |
10.1 | Literal rule | 119 |
10.2 | Literal construction – when words… | 121 |
10.2.1 | Plain meaning – judicial disagreement | 122 |
10.2.2 | Plain and unambiguous meaning – a… | 122 |
10.2.3 | Plain and unambiguous meaning… | 123 |
10.2.4 | Plain and unambiguous – given effect… | 123 |
10.3 | Literal construction – Corollary… | 124 |
10.4 | Literal rule deviated – in case of… | 125 |
10.5 | Ambiguity – Meaning and scope | 125 |
10.6 | Absurd result | 126 |
10.7 | Ridiculous and harsh is not the… | 127 |
10.8 | Literal rule—Summing up | 128 |
10.9 | Literal interpretation – Not to… | 129 |
LITERAL INTERPRETATION – TERMS,… | ||
10.10 | Literal interpretation – Terms… | 129 |
10.11 | Words of legal import | 131 |
10.12 | Words in a general statute – popular… | 131 |
10.13 | Ordinary and natural meaning of words | 132 |
10.14 | Standard test for ascertaining… | 133 |
10.15 | Expressions used in trade and industries | 133 |
10.16 | Expressions in popular sense… | 134 |
10.17 | Literal or dictionary meaning | 136 |
10.18 | Composite expressions are not to… | 138 |
10.19 | Dictionaries meaning may sometimes… | 139 |
10.20 | ejusdem generis | 140 |
10.21 | Distributive construction | 140 |
11 | Purposive Interpretation vis-à-vis… | |
11.1 | Introduction | 142 |
11.2 | Purposive and mischief rule | 143 |
11.3 | Purposive interpretation | 144 |
11.4 | Purposive interpretation to… | 145 |
11.5 | Purposive interpretation – Essence | 146 |
11.6 | Purposive approach means purposive… | 147 |
11.7 | Purposive interpretation – Undue… | 149 |
11.8 | Purposive interpretation not applied… | 149 |
11.9 | Purposive and literal approach combined | 149 |
11.10 | Reading down meaning of words | 150 |
11.11 | Purposive interpretation and tax… | 153 |
12 | Interpretation – Golden rule (Meaning… | |
12.1 | Golden Rule – Literal meaning modified | 155 |
12.2 | Words presumed to be correctly and… | 155 |
12.3 | Violence to the language used | 157 |
12.4 | Omissions and gaps supplied | 158 |
12.5 | Meaning of the word may be extended | 158 |
12.6 | Arm Chair Rule – Judges stepping… | 159 |
12.7 | Judicial legislation | 160 |
12.8 | Court’s competence in supplying omissions | 161 |
13 | Interpretation – Mischief Rule (Heydon’s… | |
13.1 | Mischief Rule – Heydon’s case | 164 |
13.2 | Ironing out the creases | 168 |
14 | Interpretation – noscitur a sociis… | |
14.1 | noscitur a sociis – a word is… | 170 |
14.2 | ejusdem generis | 173 |
14.3 | Genus – Narrower than the words… | 174 |
14.4 | Ejusdem generis – Aid to construction | 174 |
14.5 | ejusdem generis – Non-application… | 175 |
15 | Interpretation – Taxing statute | |
15.1 | Interpretation – Taxing Statutes… | 176 |
15.2 | Interpretation of taxing provisions… | 178 |
15.3 | Taxing statutes – Strict Interpretation | 179 |
15.4 | Taxing statutes – Doctrine of equity | 180 |
15.5 | Strict interpretation does not… | 181 |
15.6 | Strict interpretation charging… | 182 |
15.6.1 | Tax not to be charged by inference… | 184 |
15.6.2 | Taxing provision – Construction… | 185 |
15.7 | Tax Avoidance – Strict interpretation | 186 |
15.8 | Penal provisions – Strict interpretation | 187 |
15.9 | Limitation provisions – Strict… | 192 |
15.9.1 | Limitation bars the remedy but… | 194 |
15.9.2 | Limitation cessation or remission… | 195 |
15.9.3 | Proceedings barred by limitation… | 196 |
15.10 | Exception clause – Strict interpretation | 196 |
15.11 | Form or substance of a transaction… | 198 |
15.12 | Doctrine of substance of the transaction | 200 |
15.13 | Form or legality of the transaction | 203 |
15.14 | Doctrine of ‘fiscal nullity’ | 206 |
16 | Interpretation – Liberal | |
16.1 | Liberal interpretation | 208 |
16.2 | Liberal construction – welfare… | 208 |
16.3 | Liberal interpretation – Beneficial… | 210 |
16.4 | Liberal construction – Exemption… | 212 |
16.5 | Liberal versus literal construction | 214 |
16.5.1 | Literal or liberal construction… | 214 |
16.6 | Liberal construction – to make a… | 217 |
17 | Interpretation – Internal Aids | |
17.1 | Internal aids | 222 |
INTERPRETATION – PREAMBLE AND TITLE | ||
17.2 | Preamble | 222 |
17.2.1 | Preamble Key to the understanding… | 222 |
17.2.2 | Preamble – Disregarded where the… | 224 |
17.2.3 | Preamble – Application, two classes… | 224 |
17.2.4 | Preamble followed by a long title | 224 |
INTERPRETATION – MARGINAL NOTES FOR HEADINGS | ||
17.3 | Marginal notes not referred for… | 224 |
17.3.1 | Marginal notes – Legislative and… | 225 |
17.3.2 | Heading is a clue to understanding… | 225 |
DEFINITION – PURPOSE AND FUNCTIONS | ||
17.4 | Definition | 226 |
17.5 | Definition – Types | 226 |
17.6 | Definition – function | 227 |
17.7 | Definition clause – Ordinary… | 228 |
17.8 | Definition clause – Interpretation | 228 |
17.9 | Referential definition | 230 |
17.10 | Referential provision – Interpretation | 231 |
17.11 | “So far as may be, apply”,… | 233 |
17.12 | Definition clause – Some qualifying… | 233 |
17.12.1 | ‘Unless the context otherwise requires’ | 234 |
17.12.2 | ‘In relation to’ | 235 |
17.12.3 | ‘Means’; ‘includes’ | 236 |
17.12.4 | ‘Includes and means’ or ‘deems’ | 239 |
17.12.5 | ‘Deemed’ | 240 |
17.12.6 | Purpose | 240 |
17.12.7 | ‘For the purpose of’ | 241 |
17.12.8 | ‘For the purpose of business’ | 241 |
17.12.9 | ‘Any’ | 242 |
17.12.10 | ‘Where’, ‘when’, ‘if’, ‘etc.’ | 242 |
17.12.11 | ‘Hereafter’ | 243 |
17.12.12 | ‘Wholly’ | 243 |
17.12.13 | ‘Similar’ | 243 |
17.12.14 | ‘Liable’ | 243 |
17.12.15 | ‘As the case may be’ | 243 |
17.12.16 | ‘So far as may be’ | 243 |
17.12.17 | ‘Without prejudice’ | 243 |
17.12.18 | ‘In the prescribed manner’ | 244 |
17.12.19 | Notwithstanding | 244 |
17.12.19a | Two Non Obstante Clauses—Generalia | 247 |
17.12.20 | Otherwise | 250 |
17.12.21 | Subject to | 250 |
17.12.22 | Namely or “that is to say” | 251 |
17.12.23 | So far as may be, apply | 251 |
17.12.24 | Law for the time being in force | 252 |
17.12.25 | Reasonable cause | 252 |
18 | Interpretation – Internal aids Setting of the Act | |
18.1 | Interpretation – Sections and… | 254 |
PROVISO—FUNCTION AND INTERPRETATION | ||
18.2 | Proviso | 255 |
18.2.1 | Proviso – Function | 256 |
18.2.2 | Proviso – An independent provision | 257 |
18.2.3 | “Provided further” | 258 |
EXPLANATION – FUNCTIONS AND INTERPRETATION | ||
18.3 | Explanation | 259 |
18.3.1 | Explanation is not amendment provision | 260 |
18.3.2 | Explanations not a substantive provision | 260 |
18.3.3 | Explanation – Effect and intendment | 261 |
18.3.4 | Explanation – Construction | 262 |
EXCEPTION – INTERPRETATION | ||
18.4 | Exception | 263 |
SCHEDULE INTERPRETATION | ||
18.5 | Schedule | 263 |
PUNCTUATION – PURPOSE AND FUNCTION | ||
18.6 | Punctuation | 266 |
18.6.1 | Comma | 267 |
18.6.2 | Semi-colon | 268 |
18.6.3 | Colon and dash | 269 |
18.5.4 | Full stop | 270 |
18.5.5 | Parentheses | 270 |
19 | Interpretation – Rule of Language | |
19.1 | Rules of Language | 271 |
RULE OF LANGUAGE – MANDATORY OR DIRECTORY | ||
19.2 | ‘May’ and ‘shall’ directory… | 271 |
19.2.1 | Simultaneous use of ‘May’ and… | 274 |
19.3 | Mandatory or directory depends… | 274 |
19.4 | Mandatory – Use of word ‘shall’… | 275 |
19.5 | “Shall” and “may” – Inter-changeable | 275 |
19.6 | Factors other than use of… | 276 |
19.7 | Negative or prohibitive word mandatory | 277 |
19.8 | Provisions for performance of… | 278 |
19.9 | Provision pertaining to avoidance… | 279 |
19.10 | Procedural rule not mandatory | 279 |
19.11 | Mode of performing a duty has… | 282 |
19.12 | Conditions of a provision should… | 282 |
19.13 | Whether all conditions mandatory | 283 |
19.14 | Prescription of time-frame for… | 284 |
19.15 | Requirement of filing declaration… | 285 |
19.16 | Rules are mandatory | 286 |
19.17 | Non-compliance of mandatory… | 286 |
RULE OF LANGUAGE – LEGAL FICTION | ||
19.18 | Legal fiction | 287 |
19.19 | Legal fiction – strictly construed | 289 |
19.20 | Legal fiction – all facts on… | 290 |
19.21 | Legal fiction – casus omissus | 290 |
19.22 | Legal fiction – illustrative cases | 290 |
RULE OF LANGUAGE – RETROSPECTIVELY | ||
19.23 | Retrospective operation | 292 |
19.24 | Retrospectivity, legislative… | 294 |
19.25 | Retrospectivity – legislative… | 294 |
19.26 | Retrospectivity-expressly… | 295 |
19.27 | Retrospectivity presumption against | 295 |
19.28 | Retrospective or prospective – Tests | 296 |
19.29 | Retrospectivity – law of procedure… | 297 |
19.30 | Procedural law and substantive law | 298 |
19.31 | Retrospectivity – Amending Acts | 299 |
19.32 | Retrospectivity – declaratory act | 300 |
19.33 | Retrospectivity – Clarificatory act | 302 |
19.34 | Clarificatory and declaratory… | 305 |
19.35 | Retrospectivity – repealing… | 305 |
19.36 | Implied repeal | 307 |
20 | Interpretation – External Aids | |
20.1 | External aids – Meaning | 309 |
20.2 | External aids – Dictionary Meaning | 309 |
20.2.1 | Dictionary meaning – Overriding… | 310 |
20.2.2 | Dictionary meaning – Sometimes diffused | 311 |
20.3 | External AID – Reference to… | 311 |
20.3.1 | External aids – References to… | 313 |
20.3.2 | Incorporation/reference of other Acts… | 314 |
20.4 | External aid – Reference to… | 315 |
20.5 | External aid – Reference to… | 315 |
20.6 | Words in popular sense | 316 |
20.7 | Words having scientific or… | 318 |
20.8 | General words | 318 |
20.9 | Words dealing with matters… | 318 |
20.10 | Words used in Income-tax Act | 319 |
20.11 | Words used in the schedule | 319 |
20.12 | ‘Expression’, meaning of… | 321 |
20.13 | External aids – Process of legislation | 321 |
20.14 | External aids – Subsequent legislation | 322 |
20.15 | External aids – History of Legislation | 323 |
20.16 | External aids – Objects and Reasons | 325 |
20.17 | External aids – Speech of the Minister | 328 |
20.18 | External aids – Parliamentary Material | 329 |
20.19 | External aids – Law Commission Report | 330 |
20.20 | External aids construction – contemporanea expositio (the administrative) | 330 |
21 | Maxims and Proverbs | |
21.1 | Maxim – Statement of guiding | 332 |
21.2 | Maxim is empiric | 332 |
21.3 | Maxim or proverb – not unalterable | 334 |
21.4 | Maxims explained | 334 |
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